Photoluminescent illuminator

ABSTRACT

An illuminator and a method for fabricating the illuminator are disclosed. The illuminator comprises at least a light source and a discriminator. The light source comprises one or more luminescent layers that substantially convert the energy of a primary electromagnetic radiation to an output radiation. The discriminator comprises one or more layers that substantially transmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers and reflect at least a portion of the output radiation from the one or more luminescent layers to the viewing hemisphere. A method for applying the illuminator to an object is also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 13/332824 filed Dec. 21, 2011, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/425,514 filedDec. 21, 2010. These priority applications are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

These teachings relate generally to a lighting system and, moreparticularly, to an illuminator designed for irradiating confinedspaces.

Artificial lighting systems, in many forms, are utilized in theillumination of confined spaces. Typically, artificial energy isrequired to exercise these lighting systems and as a result, thelighting systems do not lend themselves easy portability. Examples ofsuch artificial energy include, liquid fuel, batteries, or electriccables, coupled to ancillary equipment such as switches, wiring,fixtures, etc. which in turn, require generation and transmissionfacilities. Furthermore, in order to properly operate these lightingsystems considerable installation resources are generally involved. As aresult, the use of these lighting systems is substantially limiting andcommonly requires significant investment.

There is, therefore, a need for an easily portable lighting system thatcan efficiently illuminate a confined space without requiring artificialenergy sources, such as sources cited above. There is also a need toprovide a greatly simplified and self-durable lighting system that doesnot require heavy installation resources, while still providingefficient illumination to confined spaces. There is a further need for alighting system that is less expensive than the current lighting systemsavailable.

SUMMARY

The present teachings provide for an illuminator for irradiation ofconfined spaces without requiring artificial energy sources. Theilluminator comprises a light source and a discriminator. The lightsource comprises one or more luminescent layers that substantiallyconvert the energy of a primary electromagnetic radiation to an outputradiation. The discriminator comprises one or more layers thatsubstantially transmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to the oneor more luminescent layers and reflect at least a portion of the outputradiation from the one or more luminescent layers to the viewinghemisphere. The one or more luminescent layers of the light sourcecomprise at least one or more luminescent materials with an absorptionspectrum that at least partially overlaps with that of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation. In one example, the one or more luminescentmaterials may comprise one or more phosphorescent materials. In anotherexample, the one or more luminescent materials may comprise one or morephosphorescent materials and one or more fluorescent materials. Incertain embodiments, the light source may further include another one ormore luminescent layers that comprise one or more fluorescent materials.In another embodiment, the one or more luminescent materials maycomprise one or more high persistent phosphorescent materials. Theilluminator of the present teachings may further comprise one or moresubstrate layers that provide physical and structural durability for theilluminator. In addition, the one or more substrate layers aretransmissive of at least a portion of radiation, the radiation being atleast one of the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or moreluminescent layers or the output radiation from the one or moreluminescent layers. The illuminator of the present teachings may furthercomprise an emission blocking layer that at least substantiallytransmits the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or moreluminescent layers and absorbs at least a portion of the outputradiation that is not emitted or reflected to the viewing hemisphere. Incertain constructions, where applicable, the function provided by theemission blocking layer can be incorporated within the discriminatoritself The illuminator of the present teachings may further comprise amasking layer that substantially renders the visible appearance of theilluminator to a desired color, wherein the masking layer istransmissive of at least a portion of the primary electromagneticradiation. In certain constructions of the illuminator, whereapplicable, the function provided by the masking layer can beincorporated within the emission blocking layer itself.

The present teachings also provide for a method of fabricating anilluminator. The method of the present teachings comprises forming alight source and overlaying a discriminator over a surface of the lightsource that is remote to the viewing hemisphere. The light sourcecomprises one or more luminescent layers that substantially convert theenergy of a primary electromagnetic radiation to an output radiation.The discriminator comprises one or more layers that substantiallytransmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or moreluminescent layers and reflect at the least a portion of the outputradiation from the one or more luminescent layers to the viewinghemisphere. The one or more luminescent layers comprise at least one ormore luminescent materials with an absorption spectrum that at leastpartially overlaps with the primary electromagnetic radiation. Themethod of the present teachings may further comprise disposing one ormore substrate layers onto a surface of the light source that isadjacent to the viewing hemisphere. The one or more substrate layersprovide physical and structural durability for the illuminator andtransmit at least a portion of the output radiation from the one or moreluminescent layers to the viewing hemisphere. The method of the presentteachings may further comprise rendering one or more substrate layersonto a surface of the light source that is remote to the viewinghemisphere, prior to overlaying the discriminator. In this instance, theone or more substrate layers provide physical and structural durabilityfor the illuminator and are substantially transmissive of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers and theoutput radiation from the one or more luminescent layers. The method ofthe present teachings may also comprise applying one or more substratelayers over at least a surface of the discriminator that is remote tothe light source. In this case, the one or more substrate layers providephysical and structural durability for the illuminator and transmit atleast a portion of the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one ormore luminescent layers. The method of the present teachings may furthercomprise overlaying an emission blocking layer over at least a surfaceof the discriminator that is distant to the light source. The emissionblocking layer at least substantially transmits the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers andabsorbs at least a portion of the output radiation that is not emittedor reflected to the viewing hemisphere. The method of the presentteachings may further comprise disposing a masking layer over at least asurface of the discriminator that is remote to the light source. Themasking layer substantially renders the visible appearance of theilluminator to a desired color and transmits at least a portion of theprimary electromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers.

The present teachings further provide for a method for applying anilluminator to an object. The method of the present teachings comprisesincorporating the illuminator onto or into at least a portion of theobject. The illuminator comprises a light source and a discriminator.The light source comprises one or more luminescent layers thatsubstantially convert the energy of a primary electromagnetic radiationto an output radiation. The discriminator comprises one or more layersthat substantially transmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to theone or more luminescent layers and reflect at least a portion of theoutput radiation from the one or more luminescent layers to the viewinghemisphere. The illuminator of the present teachings may furthercomprise one or more substrate layers that provide physical andstructural durability for the illuminator. In addition, the one or moresubstrate layers are transmissive of at least a portion of radiation,the radiation being at least one of the primary electromagneticradiation to the one or more luminescent layers or the output radiationfrom the one or more luminescent layers. The illuminator of the presentteachings may further comprise an emission blocking layer that at leastsubstantially transmits the primary electromagnetic radiation to the oneor more luminescent layers and absorbs at least a portion of the outputradiation that is not emitted or reflected to the viewing hemisphere.The illuminator of the present teachings may further comprise a maskinglayer that substantially renders the visible appearance of theilluminator to a desired color and transmits at least a portion of theprimary electromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present teachings are illustratively shown and described inreference to the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an illuminator according to oneembodiment of these teachings;

FIG. 1A is an exploded schematic drawing of an illuminator according toa second aspect of these teachings, illustrating the possible locationsof one or more substrate layers;

FIG. 2 is schematic drawing of another embodiment of an illuminator, inaccordance with these teachings;

FIG. 2A is an exploded schematic drawing of an illuminator according toanother aspect of these teachings, illustrating the possible locationsof one or more substrate layers;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an illuminator according toanother embodiment of these teachings;

FIG. 3A is an exploded schematic illustration of an illuminatoraccording to another aspect of these teachings and shows the potentiallocations of one or more substrate layers;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an illuminator according toanother embodiment of these teachings; and

FIG. 4A is an exploded schematic drawing of an illuminator according toanother embodiment of these teaching and illustrates the possiblelocations of one or more substrate layers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are present teachings directed to an illuminator thatis easily portable, capable of efficiently illuminating a confined spacewithout the use of artificial energy sources, self-durable and lessexpensive than known lighting systems. In addition, the illuminator maybe used in a variety of applications and environmental conditions.

For a better understanding of the disclosure the following terms areherein defined:

The term “luminescence” is defined as the emission of electromagneticradiation from any substance. Luminescence occurs from electronicallyexcited states that can be divided into singlet states and tripletstates.

“Luminescent layers” or “Luminescent materials” are those which exhibitluminescence, that is, emit electromagnetic radiation. Characterizingluminescent layers or luminescent materials requires consideration of:(1) the excitation source, (2) the nature of the emission, and (3)whether or not additional stimulation is required to cause emission.

With regard to the excitation source, luminescent layers or luminescentmaterials excited by electromagnetic radiation are referred to herein as“photoluminescent.” Luminescent layers or luminescent materials excitedby electrical energy are referred to herein as “electroluminescent.”Luminescent layers or luminescent materials excited by a chemicalreaction are referred to herein as “chemiluminescent.”

With regard to the nature of the emission, this may be eitherfluorescence or phosphorescence. A “fluorescent” material storeselectromagnetic radiation and releases it rapidly, generally in about10⁻⁸ seconds or less, in a process that does not invoke a change in theelectronic spin state of the molecule. Fluorescence from organicmolecules typically occurs from excited singlet states. Contrarily, a“phosphorescent” material stores electromagnetic radiation and releasesit gradually, in about 10⁻⁶ seconds or greater, in a process thatrequires a change in the electronic spin state of the molecule.

“Primary electromagnetic radiation” refers to electromagnetic radiationthat excites a molecule from a lower energy state to a higher energystate.

“Viewing hemisphere” refers to the area in which output radiation isperceived.

“Liquid carrier medium” is a liquid that acts as a carrier for materialsdistributed in a particulate state and/or dissolved therein. Suchmaterials include, but are not limited to, polymers, luminescentmaterials, rheology modifiers, and wetting agents.

A “formulation” is a homogeneous mixture of at least two materials. Aformulation can be one or more materials, dissolved or dispersed in aliquid carrier medium, as defined above, such as a luminescent materialdissolved and/or dispersed in a liquid carrier medium, or a polymerdissolved in a liquid carrier medium, etc.

A “solid state solution,” as used herein, is a homogenous mixture of oneor more luminescent materials and a polymer that are both in a drystate. One way of achieving this homogenous mixture is to dissolve oneor more luminescent materials and a polymer in a liquid carrier mediumand then dry the combination to remove the liquid carrier medium. Such ahomogeneous mixture may also result from subjecting a combination of oneor more luminescent materials and polymer to elevated temperatures. Notethat for a homogeneous mixture to form in a dry state, the one or moreluminescent materials and polymer have to be compatible, otherwise ahomogeneous mixture will not result.

A “film” is a thin skin or membrane that can be rigid or flexible. Anexample of this is a layer resulting from the application of aformulation and drying it. One or more layers can then constitute afilm.

“Interference pigments,” as used herein, are a combination of thin,smooth platelets that are transmissive of at least a portion of theprimary electromagnetic radiation, as defined above, as well asreflective of at least a portion of the primary electromagneticradiation, as defined above. To achieve maximum reflectivity, theplatelets must be aligned substantially parallel to each other.

A “prismatic lens,” as used herein, is a lens in the form of aprescribed prism. A “microprismatic film,” as used herein, is a filmhaving an array of small prismatic lenses formed on a surface of thefilm. A microprismatic film can be, in one exemplary embodiment, but isnot restricted to this exemplary embodiment, an array of micro Fresnellenses.

In general, the illuminator, according to the present teachings,functions as a lighting system that is exposed to primaryelectromagnetic radiation and then substantially converts the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to an output radiation. The illuminator,according to the present teachings, may be either a planar or non-planarstructure. However, for illustrative purposes only, each illuminatorgenerally presented herein, is a planar structure. In these embodiments,the illuminator includes at least two co-planar elements, a light sourceand a discriminator. In regard to possible applications of the presentinvention, such applications will involve at least one illuminator.

FIG. 1 presents a schematic illustration of one embodiment of theilluminator (8) according to the present teachings. In this embodiment,the illuminator (8) comprises a light source (2) and a discriminator(4). The light source (2) comprises one or more luminescent layers thatenable the light source (2) to substantially convert the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to an output radiation. The discriminator (4)comprises one or more layers that allow for substantial transmission ofthe primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescentlayers of the light source (2). In addition, the discriminator (4)reflects at least a portion of the output radiation to the viewinghemisphere (6).

FIG. 1A represents another embodiment of the illuminator (12), accordingto the present teachings. In this embodiment, the illuminator (12)comprises the light source (2), the discriminator (4), and one or moresubstrate layers (10). The one or more substrate layers (10) providephysical and structural durability for the illuminator (12). Inaddition, the one or more substrate layers (10), depending on thelocation within the illuminator (12), are transmissive of at least aportion of the primary electromagnetic radiation to the one or moreluminescent layers of the light source (2), or at least a portion of theoutput radiation from the one or more luminescent layers of the lightsource (2), or both. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the one or moresubstrate layers (10) may be located within one or more locations of theilluminator (12), such as, on the surface of the discriminator (4) thatis closest to the primary electromagnetic radiation, between theadjacent surfaces of the discriminator (4) and light source (2), or onthe surface of the light source (2) that is adjacent to the viewinghemisphere (6). For example, one substrate layer (10) may be positionedbetween the adjacent surfaces of the discriminator (4) and light source(2) and a second substrate layer (10) may be positioned on the surfaceof the light source (2) that is closest to the viewing hemisphere (6).

Referring now to FIG. 2, the illuminator (16) according to the presentteachings may further comprise an emission blocking layer (14). Theemission blocking layer (14) substantially transmits the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers of thelight source (2) and absorbs at least a portion of the output radiationthat is not emitted or reflected to the viewing hemisphere (6). Theemission blocking layer (14) may additionally render the visibleappearance of the illuminator (16) to a desired color. Furthermore, theemission blocking layer (14) may additionally emit radiation that is notsubstantially in the visible domain of the electromagnetic spectrum.

With reference to FIG. 2A, the illuminator (18) in addition to theemission blocking layer (14), may further comprise one or more substratelayers (10). As illustrated in FIG. 2A, exemplary locations to apply theone or more substrate layers (10) within the illuminator (18) include atleast one of the following: the surface of the emission blocking layer(14) that is nearest to the primary electromagnetic radiation, betweenthe neighboring surfaces of the emission blocking layer (14) and thediscriminator (4), between the surfaces of the discriminator (4) and thelight source (2), or the surface of the light source (2) that isadjacent to the viewing hemisphere (6).

Referring now to FIG. 3, the illuminator (22) according to the presentteachings may further comprise a masking layer (20). The masking layer(20) substantially renders the visible appearance of the illuminator(22) to a desired color, as well as transmits at least a portion of theprimary electromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layersof the light source (2).

With reference to FIG. 3A, the illuminator (24) in addition to a maskinglayer (20) may further comprise one or more substrate layers (10). Theone or more substrate layers (10) may be located in one or morelocations within the illuminator (24), as illustrated in FIG. 3A. Theone or more substrate layers (10) may be applied to a surface of atleast one of the masking layer (20) that is closest to the primaryelectromagnetic radiation, between the masking layer (20) and thediscriminator (4), between the discriminator (4) and the light source(2), or the light source (2) that is adjacent to the viewing hemisphere(6).

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, according to thepresent teachings. The illuminator (26) in addition to the light source(2) and the discriminator (4), may also comprise both the emissionblocking layer (14) and the masking layer (20).

With reference to FIG. 4A, the illuminator (28) may additionallycomprise one or more substrate layers (10), along with the emissionblocking layer (14) and the masking layer (20). As illustrated in FIG.4A, the one or more substrate layers (10) may be located in variousareas of the illuminator (28), such as, on the surface of the maskinglayer (20) that is nearest to the primary electromagnetic radiation,between the neighboring surfaces of the masking layer (20) and theemission blocking layer (14), between the surfaces of the emissionblocking layer (14) and the discriminator (4), between the surfaces ofthe discriminator (4) and the light source (2), or on the surface of thelight source (2) that is adjacent to the viewing hemisphere (6).

Light Source—Details: The one or more luminescent layers within thelight source of the illuminator, according to the present teachings,comprise at least one or more luminescent materials that are selectedbased on their absorption and emission properties. In order for the oneor more luminescent layers to efficiently convert at least a portion ofthe primary electromagnetic radiation, the one or more luminescentmaterials must have an absorption spectrum that partially overlaps withthat of the primary electromagnetic radiation. Preferably, the one ormore luminescent materials are at least one or more phosphorescentmaterials, such as photoluminescent phosphorescent materials. Usefulphotoluminescent phosphorescent materials include, but not are limitedto, doped alkaline earth aluminate photoluminescent pigments having theformula MAl₂O₄:Eu,Dy/Nd where M is an alkaline earth element or mixtureof elements. Specific examples of such doped alkaline aluminum oxidesinclude strontium aluminum oxide, SrAl₂O₄:Eu,Dy, calcium aluminum oxide,CaAl₂O₄:Eu,Dy/Nd, and mixtures of the alkaline earth elements thereof.These aluminate phosphors may also contain charge compensating elementssuch as zinc or magnesium. High-intensity, high persistentphotoluminescent phosphors such as alkaline earth aluminatephotoluminescent materials that are doped with europium and co-dopedwith one or more elements chosen from the Lanthanide series of elementsare also useful in these materials. Additional phosphorescent materialsthat are useful in the current invention are those or similar to thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,006, 6,117,362, 6,267,911 and6,953,536, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The one or more luminescent materials, according to the presentteachings, may further include one or more fluorescent materials. Thefunctions of the one or more fluorescent materials are to increase theoverall luminous intensity of the light source, or alter the outputradiation from the one or more luminescent layers, or both. Preferably,photoluminescent fluorescent materials are used. The one or morefluorescent materials can be combined with the one or morephosphorescent materials in the same one or more luminescent layers.Alternatively, the one or more fluorescent materials can be includedwithin separate one or more luminescent layers. In these cases, the oneor more fluorescent materials are selected such that their absorbancespectrum at least partially overlaps with the primary electromagneticradiation and/or the emission of the one or more of the luminescentmaterials utilized in the one or more luminescent layers. Suitablefluorescent materials include, but are not limited to, coumarin dyes,rhodamine dyes, phenoxazones, styryls, carbostyryls, stilbenes,oxazines, cyanine dyes, pyrromethene dyes, perylene dyes, andfluorescein dyes.

A balance of types of luminescent materials may be provided so as toincrease a certain property of the light source. For example, one ormore fluorescent materials may be included within one or moreluminescent layers to substantially absorb any primary electromagneticradiation that may not be absorbed by another one or more luminescentmaterials within the one or more luminescent layers. Furthermore, theone or more fluorescent materials may be chosen to substantially absorbthe primary electromagnetic radiation and to emit radiation that is moreefficiently absorbed by another one or more luminescent materialsincluded in the one or more luminescent layers. Depending on theproperties of the one or more luminescent materials utilized within theilluminator, the output radiation of the light source can be infrared,visible, ultraviolet, or any combination thereof. In general, additionalequipment is not required to perceive the output radiation of the lightsource. However, in certain instances where the output radiation issubstantially in the infrared or the ultraviolet, detection apparatuses,such as a night vision apparatus, may be needed to observe the outputradiation.

Light Source—Preparation Methods: A variety of methods can be used toprepare effective one or more luminescent layers of the light source.Such methods may include, coating a formulation, comprising one or moreluminescent materials in a liquid carrier medium, onto a support. Forexample, such coatings can be deposited by painting, screen printing,spraying, slot coating, dip coating, roller coating and bar coating.

In addition, the one or more luminescent layers may be prepared bymethods that involve a solid state solution. For example, a solid statesolution of one or more luminescent materials in a polymer can beconverted to a luminescent layer by extrusion, injection molding,compression molding, calendaring, and thermoforming. When the lightsource comprises a combination of several different luminescent layers,the individual layers can be sequentially coated, or the individuallayers can be separately prepared and later laminated or embossedtogether to form the light source. Alternatively, the light source canbe prepared by co-extrusion of the individual luminescent layers.

Discriminator—Details: In order for the illuminator to efficientlyirradiate a confined space or spaces, the output radiation of the one ormore luminescent layers should emit in the direction of the viewinghemisphere. Therefore, it is important, especially in the case where theone or more luminescent materials are isotropic emitters, to redirectany backward propagating output radiation from the one or moreluminescent layers, towards the viewing hemisphere. In order to minimizeany backward propagation of the output radiation, the illuminator of thepresent teachings, further includes the discriminator. The discriminatorcomprises one or more layers that substantially transmit the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers, as wellas reflect at least a portion of any output radiation that is notemitted in the direction of the viewing hemisphere.

For the discriminator to effectively transmit and reflect, the one ormore layers of the discriminator comprise at least one of one or morelight scattering materials, an interference filter, a microprismaticfilm, one or more interference pigments, or any combination thereof.Acceptable light scattering materials include, but not are limited to,mica and solid or hollow glass beads. Microprismatic films useful in thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, brightness enhancingfilms. In certain embodiments of the present invention, it may bepreferable to combine various optical variable elements within the sameone or more layers of the discriminator.

Discriminator—Preparation Methods: A variety of methods can be used toprepare effective one or more layers of the discriminator. Such methodsmay include, coating a formulation comprising one or more lightscatterers that include, but are not limited to, hollow or solid glassspheres, in a liquid carrier medium onto a support. For example, suchcoatings can be deposited by painting, screen printing, spraying, slotcoating, dip coating, roller coating and bar coating. When thediscriminator comprises a combination of several different layers, theindividual layers can be sequentially coated, or the individual layerscan be separately prepared and later laminated or embossed together toform the discriminator. Alternatively, the discriminator can be preparedby co-extrusion of the individual layers.

Substrate Layer or Layers—Details: The illuminator of the presentteachings may also comprise one or more substrate layers to providephysical and structural durability for the illuminator uponenvironmental exposure. Since the material properties of the illuminatorrender it sensitive to normal physical and structural wear anddegradation, the robustness of the illuminator is improved by theaddition of the one or more substrate layers. In addition, the one ormore substrate layers are transmissive of at least a portion ofradiation, the radiation being at least one of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to the one or more luminescent layers or theoutput radiation from the one or more luminescent layers. Usefulsubstrate materials for the present invention include, but are notlimited to, polyethylene-terephthalate, polyolefins, polysulfones,cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate andcellulose butyrates, polycarbonates, polyimides and glass.

Emission Blocking Layer—Details: In some aspects of the presentteachings it may be desirable to substantially eliminate any portion ofthe output radiation from emitting in any other hemisphere other thanthat of the viewing hemisphere. Therefore, the illuminator of thepresent teachings may further comprise an emission blocking layer. Theemission blocking layer comprises materials that at least substantiallytransmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to one or moreluminescent layers of the light source and absorb at least a portion ofthe output radiation that is not emitted or reflected to the viewinghemisphere. In addition, the emission blocking layer, where applicable,may function as a masking layer described herein. Suitable materials forthe emission blocking layer include, but are not limited to, variousLumogen® dyes, available from BASF, anthroquinones such as the Unisol®dyes, available from Fluka, copper phthalocyanine based dyes, andpigments.

Emission Blocking Layer—Preparation Methods: A variety of methods can beused to prepare an effective emission blocking layer. Such methods mayinclude, coating a formulation comprising one or more visible lightabsorbers that include, but are not limited to, pigments and/or dyes, ina liquid carrier medium onto a support. For example, such coatings canbe deposited by painting, screen printing, spraying, slot coating, dipcoating, roller coating and bar coating.

Another method that may be used for preparing an emission blocking layeris to make an interference filter by vacuum depositing alternate layersof metals and/or metal oxides that have different refractive indicesonto a polycarbonate substrate. The number and thicknesses of theselayers is determined by the desired optical properties of theinterference filter.

Masking Layer—Details: In certain aspects of the present teachings, dueto the materials utilized, it may be desirable to render the visualappearance of the illuminator to a desired color through the use of amasking layer. In certain embodiments, this may be done for the purposeof camouflaging the illuminator, either by adjusting the color of theilluminator to blend in with the surroundings or by including shapedisruptive patterns on the surface of the masking layer that is closestto the primary electromagnetic radiation. The materials used within thismasking layer must be substantially transmissive of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation. Useful masking layer materials include, butnot are limited to, various Lumogen® dyes, available from BASF,anthroquinones such as the Unisol® dyes, available from Fluka, copperphthalocyanine based dyes, and pigments.

Masking Layer—Preparation Methods: A variety of methods can be used toprepare an effective masking layer. Such methods may include, coating aformulation comprising one or more visible light absorbers that include,but are not limited to, pigments and/or dyes, in a liquid carrier mediumonto a support. For example, such coatings can be deposited by painting,screen printing, spraying, slot coating, dip coating, roller coating andbar coating.

Other Additives: It should be noted that additional components, whereapplicable, may be added to any one of the aforementioned layersincluded in the illuminator of the present teachings, to help facilitatedissolution, dispersion and coating of the materials. Such additionalcomponents include, but are not limited to, wetting agents, dispersionagents, rheological agents, stabilizing agents, antioxidant, levelingagents, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, any one or more layersof the illuminator may further include photostabilizing material inorder to minimize photolytic degradation of the one or more luminescentmaterials.

The methods for which the illuminator of the present teachings may befabricated include, for example, constructing each layer separatelyfollowed by laminating the layers together in a pre-determined orderusing pressure and or heat. Alternatively, individual layers of theilluminator may be sequentially deposited or coated. For example,coating and drying layer one, then coating and drying layer two ontolayer one, etc. until all the desired layers of the illuminator areachieved. Furthermore, one may choose to combine the two previouslydisclosed methods such that, certain one or more layers of theilluminator are constructed separately and then laminated, after whichadditional individual one or more layers are sequentially deposited anddried over the one or more laminated layers. Coating methods may includeany method known in the art including, but not limited to, reverseroller coating, slot coating, screen coating, wire bar coating, curtaincoating, spray coating, vacuum depositions, sputtering and dip coatings.Alternatively, the illuminator can be prepared by co-extrusion of theindividual layers.

The illuminator, according to the present teachings, may be utilized ina variety of applications such as, irradiating confined spaces within anobject, wherein the illuminator of the present teachings is incorporatedinto or onto at least a portion of the object. For example, theilluminator can be integrated into or onto at least a portion of theobject while the object is being manufactured, the illuminator can bebuilt onto at least a portion of the object, the illuminator can beaffixed onto at least a portion of the object, the illuminator can beinserted into at least a portion of the object, or any combinationthereof. Applicable objects include, but are not limited to, a housingstructure, a marine structure, a storage apparatus, or any type of amobile structure. Examples of a housing structure include, but are notlimited to, a house, a tent, or a building. Examples of a storageapparatus include, but are not limited to, a container, a backpack, abriefcase, a purse, a box, or a trunk.

EXEMPLIFICATIONS

The present teachings, having been generally described, will be morereadily understood by reference to the following examples, which areincluded merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects andembodiments of the present teachings, and are not intended to limit thescope of these teachings.

Example 1 An Illuminator Comprising a Single Layer Light Source and aSingle Layer Discriminator

Preparation of the Light Source (Film A): A formulation comprising 124grams of toluene admixed with 76 grams of Elvacite 2014 (NeoResins), 190grams of a commercial green phosphor (strontium aluminate doped with Euand Dy), 7.6 grams of Plasthall 680 plasticizer, 2 grams of TegoWet 270and 2 grams of TegoFoamex N. The composition was mixed for 60 minutes.The formulation was then coated on a release base using a draw downapplicator (15 mils wet coating thickness, 6 mils dry coatingthickness). This coating was then dried in a convection oven at 40° C.for 1 hour followed by 80° C. for 4 hours to yield a film. Preparationof the Discriminator (Film B): A formulation comprising 124 grams oftoluene admixed with 76 grams of Elvacite 2014 (NeoResins), 19 grams ofa Sphericel 110P80 hollow glass spheres (Potter's Industries), 7.6 gramsof Plasthall 680 plasticizer, 1.1 grams of TegoWet 270 and 1.1 grams ofTegoFoamex N. The composition was mixed for 60 minutes. The formulationwas then coated on a release base using a draw down applicator (15 milswet coating thickness, 6 mils dry coating thickness). This coating wasthen dried in a convection oven at 40° C. for 1 hour followed by 80° C.for 4 hours to yield a film.

The coated surface of Film A was laminated to the coated surface of FilmB at 270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute. After lamination,the release bases were removed to provide the illuminator comprising alight source and a discriminator.

Example 2 An Illuminator Comprising a Single Layer Light Source, aSingle Layer Discriminator, and an Emission Blocking Layer

Preparation of the Light Source (Film A): Prepared as in Example 1.

Preparation of the Discriminator (Film B): Prepared as in Example 1.

Preparation of the Emission Blocking Layer (Film C): A formulationcomprising 124 grams of toluene admixed with 47 grams of Elvacite 2014(NeoResins), 0.1 grams of Lumogen Yellow F-170 dye (BASF), 0.1 gramsLumogen Red F-305 dye (BASF), 0.1 grams Unisol Blue dye (Sigma Aldrich),4.7 grams of Plasthall 680 plasticizer, 1.1 grams of TegoWet 270 and 1.1grams of TegoFoamex N. The composition was mixed for 60 minutes. Theformulation was then coated on a release base using a draw downapplicator (15 mils wet coating thickness, 6 mils dry coatingthickness). This coating was then dried in a convection oven at 40° C.for 1 hour followed by 80° C. for 4 hours to yield a film.

The coated surface of Film A was then laminated onto the coated surfaceof Film B at 270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute. The releasebase was removed from Film B and the coated surface of Film C was thenlaminated onto Film B at 270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute.After lamination, the remaining release bases were removed to yield anilluminator comprising a light source, a discriminator and an emissionblocking layer.

Example 3 An Illuminator Comprising a Single Layer Light Source, aSingle Substrate Layer, a Single Layer Discriminator, and a MaskingLayer

Preparation of the Light Source (Film A): Prepared as in Example 1.

Preparation of the Discriminator (Film B): Prepared as in Example 1.

Preparation of the Substrate Layer (Film D): A 5 mil clear polyesterfilm (DuPont Teijin Melinex® 523)

Preparation of the Masking Layer (Film E): A formulation comprising of124 grams of toluene admixed with 47 grams of Elvacite 2014 (NeoResins),0.1 grams Solvent Blue 38 (Sigma Aldrich), 4.7 grams of Plasthall 680plasticizer, 1.1 grams of TegoWet 270 and 1.1 grams of TegoFoamex N. Thecomposition was mixed for 60 minutes. The formulation was then coated ona release base using a draw down applicator (15 mils wet coatingthickness, 6 mils dry coating thickness). This coating was then dried ina convection oven at 40° C. for 1 hour followed by 80° C. for 4 hours toyield a film.

The coated surface of Film A was then laminated onto one surface of FilmD at 270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute. The coated surfaceof Film B was then laminated on the opposing side of Film D at 270° F.at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute. The release base of Film B wasremoved and the coated surface of Film E was laminated onto Film B at270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. per minute. After lamination, theremaining release bases were removed to yield the illuminator comprisinga light source, a discriminator, a substrate layer and a masking layer.

Example 4 An Illuminator Comprising a Single Layer Light Source and aSingle Layer Discriminator

Preparation of the Light Source (Film A): Prepared as in Example 1.

Preparation of the Discriminator (Film F): An interference filter(Evaporative Coatings, Inc) which transmits all light below 450 nm andabove 750 nm and reflects all light between 450 nm and 750 nm at normalincidence. The interference filter is coated on a 5 mil polycarbonatesubstrate to yield a film.

A transparent thermal adhesive was then applied onto the coated surfaceof Film A. The coated surface of Film A was then laminated onto thecoated surface of Film F at 270° F. at a roller speed of 3 ft. perminute. After lamination, the release bases were removed to yield theilluminator comprising a light source and a discriminator.

For the purposes of describing and defining the present teachings, it isnoted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent theinherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to anyquantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degreeby which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated referencewithout resulting in a change in the basic function of the subjectmatter at issue.

Although the teachings have been described with respect to variousembodiments, it should be realized these teachings are also capable of awide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit andscope of the appended disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. An illuminator comprising: (i) a light sourcecomprising: one or more luminescent layers that substantially convertthe energy of a primary electromagnetic radiation to an outputradiation; wherein said one or more luminescent layers comprise one ormore luminescent materials; and wherein said one or more luminescentmaterials comprise one or more phosphorescent materials; and (ii) adiscriminator comprising: one or more layers that substantially transmitthe primary electromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescentlayers and reflect at least a portion of the output radiation from saidone or more luminescent layers to the viewing hemisphere.
 2. Theilluminator of claim 1, wherein said at least one or more phosphorescentmaterials have an absorption spectrum that at least partially overlapswith the primary electromagnetic radiation.
 3. The illuminator of claim1, wherein another one of said one or more luminescent materials furthercomprise one or more fluorescent materials, said one or more fluorescentmaterials increase the luminous intensity of said light source, or alterthe output radiation from said one or more luminescent layers, or both.4. The illuminator in claim 1, wherein said light source furthercomprises another one or more luminescent layers, said another one ormore luminescent layers comprising: one or more fluorescent materialsthat increase the luminous intensity of said light source, or alter theoutput radiation from said one or more luminescent layers, or both. 5.The illuminator of claim 1, wherein the primary electromagneticradiation is infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or any combination thereof.6. The illuminator of claim 1, wherein the output radiation is infrared,visible, ultraviolet, or any combination thereof.
 7. The illuminator ofclaim 1, wherein the primary electromagnetic radiation is ambient light.8. The illuminator of claim 1, wherein said one or more luminescentmaterials are at least one of dissolved or dispersed in a liquid carriermedium.
 9. The illuminator of claim 1, wherein said one or moreluminescent layers further comprise a polymer, wherein said polymer andsaid one or more luminescent materials are in a solid state solution.10. The illuminator of claim 1, further comprising one or more substratelayers, said one or more substrate layers providing physical andstructural durability for said illuminator.
 11. The illuminator of claim10, wherein said one or more substrate layers are transmissive of atleast a portion of radiation, the radiation being at least one of theprimary electromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescent layersor the output radiation from said one or more luminescent layers. 12.The illuminator of claim 1, further comprising an emission blockinglayer that at least substantially transmits the primary electromagneticradiation to said one or more luminescent layers and absorbs at least aportion of the output radiation that is not emitted or reflected to theviewing hemisphere.
 13. The illuminator of claim 12, wherein saidemission blocking layer is a fluorescent material, an absorptivematerial, one or more interference pigments, or any combination thereof.14. The illuminator of claim 1, further comprising a masking layer thatsubstantially renders the visible appearance of said illuminator to adesired color, wherein said masking layer is transmissive of at least aportion of the primary electromagnetic radiation.
 15. The illuminator ofclaim 1, wherein said one or more layers of said discriminator compriseat least one of one or more light scattering materials, an interferencefilter, a microprismatic film, one or more interference pigments, or anycombination thereof.
 16. A method for fabricating an illuminator, themethod comprising: (i) forming a light source comprising: one or moreluminescent layers that substantially convert the energy of a primaryelectromagnetic radiation to an output radiation; wherein said one ormore luminescent layers comprise one or more luminescent materials; andwherein said one or more luminescent materials comprise one or morephosphorescent materials; and (ii) overlaying a discriminator over asurface of said light source that is remote to the viewing hemisphere,said discriminator comprising: one or more layers that substantiallytransmit the primary electromagnetic radiation to said one or moreluminescent layers and reflect at least a portion of the outputradiation from said one or more luminescent layers to the viewinghemisphere.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said one or morephosphorescent materials have an absorption spectrum that at leastpartially overlaps with the primary electromagnetic radiation.
 18. Themethod of claim 16, further comprising disposing one or more substratelayers onto a surface of said light source that is adjacent to theviewing hemisphere, said one or more substrate layers provide physicaland structural durability for said illuminator and transmit at least aportion of the output radiation from said one or more luminescent layersto the viewing hemisphere.
 19. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising rendering one or more substrate layers onto a surface of saidlight source that is remote to the viewing hemisphere prior tooverlaying said discriminator, said one or more substrate layers providephysical and structural durability for said illuminator and aresubstantially transmissive of the primary electromagnetic radiation tosaid one or more luminescent layers and the output radiation from saidone or more luminescent layers.
 20. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising applying one or more substrate layers over at least a surfaceof said discriminator that is remote to said light source, said one ormore substrate layers provide physical and structural durability forsaid illuminator and transmit at least a portion of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescent layers. 21.The method of claim 16, further comprising overlaying an emissionblocking layer over at least a surface of said discriminator that isdistant to said light source, wherein said emission blocking layer atleast substantially transmits the primary electromagnetic radiation tosaid one or more luminescent layers and absorbs at least a portion ofthe output radiation that is not emitted or reflected to the viewinghemisphere.
 22. The method of claim 16, further comprising disposing amasking layer over at least a surface of said discriminator that isremote to said light source, wherein said masking layer substantiallyrenders the visible appearance of said illuminator to a desired colorand transmits at least a portion of the primary electromagneticradiation to said one or more luminescent layers.
 23. A method forapplying an illuminator to an object comprising: (i) incorporating saidilluminator onto or into at least a portion of the object, saidilluminator comprising: a light source that comprises one or moreluminescent layers that substantially convert the energy of a primaryelectromagnetic radiation to an output radiation; wherein said one ormore luminescent layers comprise one or more luminescent materials; andwherein said one or more luminescent materials comprise one or morephosphorescent materials; and a discriminator that comprises one or morelayers that substantially transmit the primary electromagnetic radiationto said one or more luminescent layers and reflect at least a portion ofthe output radiation from said one or more luminescent layers to theviewing hemisphere.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein incorporating isintegrating said illuminator into or onto at least a portion of theobject during the manufacture of the object, building said illuminatoronto at least a portion of the object, affixing said illuminator onto atleast a portion of the object, inserting said illuminator into at leasta portion of the object, or any combination thereof.
 25. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the object is a housing structure, a marine structure,a storage apparatus, or a mobile structure.
 26. The method of claim 23,wherein said illuminator further comprises one or more substrate layers,said one or more substrate layers provide physical and structuraldurability for said illuminator.
 27. The method of claim 26, whereinsaid one or more substrate layers are transmissive of at least a portionof radiation, the radiation being at least one of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescent layers or theoutput radiation from said one or more luminescent layers.
 28. Themethod of claim 23, wherein said illuminator further comprises anemission blocking layer that at least substantially transmits theprimary electromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescent layersand absorbs at least a portion of the output radiation that is notemitted or reflected to the viewing hemisphere.
 29. The method of claim23, wherein said illuminator further comprises a masking layer thatsubstantially renders the visible appearance of said illuminator to adesired color and transmits at least a portion of the primaryelectromagnetic radiation to said one or more luminescent layers.